California’s wildfire season is off to a ferocious start, with the state’s top wildfire official saying that fires have already burned through five times the average amount of land for this time of year.

Speaking at a news conference on Wednesday, Joe Tyler, the director of the California department of forestry and fire protection (Cal Fire), said the state has responded to more than 3,500 wildfires so far this year. Together, those fires have scorched nearly 220,000 acres – more than five times above what is typical for mid-July, which is considered fairly early in the state’s wildfire season.

“We are not just in a fire season, we are in a fire year,” Tyler said at the news conference. “Our winds and the recent heatwave have exacerbated the issue, consuming thousands of acres. So we need to be extra cautious.”

Authorities across the US west have warned of the rising risk of wildfires amid a protracted heatwave that has dried out the landscape and smashed temperatures records from California to Oregon to Nevada.

“Climate change is real,” said California’s governor, Gavin Newsom, on Wednesday. “Those extremes are here present every day in the great state of California.”

An abundantly wet winter has left landscapes across California coated in grasses that quickly dried as the weather warmed, creating abundant fuel for fast-burning brush fires.

California crews were working in scorching temperatures to battle numerous wildfires on Thursday, including a stubborn 34,000-acre blaze known as the Lake fire, which prompted evacuation orders for about 200 homes in the mountains of Santa Barbara county, north-west of Los Angeles.

In Oregon on Thursday, crews were battling the Larch Creek fire, which has grown to more than 11,000 acres since Tuesday. Lower temperatures and calming winds were helping the crews’ efforts, but the local fire danger level remained extreme. One firefighter was treated for heat-related injuries.

In Hawaii, Haleakala national park on Maui was closed as firefighters battled a blaze on the slopes of a mountain. Visitors in more than 150 vehicles that had gone up on Wednesday for the famous sunset views were not able to descend until about 4am on Thursday because the narrow roads were blocked by fire crews.

More than 63 million people in the US remained under heat alerts on Thursday, as forecasters predicted some relief from the heat was due by the weekend.

Las Vegas set a new record on Wednesday when it saw its record fifth consecutive day of temperatures sizzling at 115F (46.1C) or greater. Already, Nevada’s largest city has broken 16 heat records since 1 June “and we’re not even halfway through July yet”, a National Weather Service meteorologist, Morgan Stessman, said on Wednesday.

That includes an all-time high of 120F set on Sunday, which beat the previous 117F record.

The heat has been suspected in deaths across multiple states. In California, officials in the Silicon Valley county of Santa Clara are investigating 19 potential heat-related deaths, including three homeless individuals, the county’s medical examiner-coroner’s office said in a statement on Thursday. And in Oregon, the number of potentially heat-related deaths has risen to 10, according to the state medical examiner’s office.

Heat was blamed for a motorcyclist’s death last weekend in Death Valley national park and the National Park Service is investigating the third death of a Grand Canyon hiker in recent weeks. Arizona authorities are investigating deaths of a two-year-old and a baby in separate incidents, and in Nebraska, Omaha police say a boy died after being left in an SUV.

Read more on wildfires and heat in the US

Joe Biden has accidentally introduced the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, as “President Putin” in a gaffe that will fuel further concerns about his mental acuity that have threatened to scuttle his presidential campaign.

Biden made the mistake while flanked by Nato leaders during a signing ceremony alongside Zelenskiy on the final day of the Nato summit in Washington. It came just an hour before a rare press conference by Biden that has been called “make-or-break” for his campaign, as a growing number of political allies and donors have been calling for him to drop out of the race.

Concluding his opening remarks, Biden handed over to Zelenskiy with the words: “Now I want to hand it over to the president of Ukraine, who has as much courage as he has determination.”

He said: “Ladies and gentlemen, President Putin!”

A number of European leaders began clapping hesitantly. German chancellor Olaf Scholz and Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni turned their heads in surprise as Biden mentioned the Russian leader, while other European leaders broke into an awkward smattering of applause.

Realising his mistake, Biden caught himself and said: “President Putin! We’re going to beat President Putin. President Zelenskiy. I’m so focused on beating Putin. We’ve got to worry about it. Anyway, Mr President.”

“I’m better,” Zelenskiy said, shaking Biden’s hand.

“You are a hell of a lot better,” Biden responded in concluding his remarks.

The remark elicited gasps in a press centre, where hundreds of journalists were watching the remarks live on an internal television feed. A number of people in the room shouted out “Zelenskiy” to correct Biden’s mistake, after which he returned to the podium.

Zelenskiy had been due to give a press conference at the end of the Nato summit an hour later. But journalists who were waiting were told at short notice that the event was cancelled – meaning he didn’t have to respond to questions about Biden’s gaffe.

The news about the mistake quickly filtered into other press conferences with heads of government, rehashing questions about Biden’s mental state that have loomed over the conference since it began.

Keir Starmer, asked about President Biden’s gaffe, insisted that the Nato summit had made breakthroughs that were welcomed by President Zelenskiy and had left Nato in a stronger position.

Pressed by reporters on whether the US president was capable of serving another four years in office, he said: “Look, I was with him last night. We spent the best part of an hour together. We covered a lot of ground.

“We’ve been through two days of this council and come to a very good outcome. He’s led through all, spoken at every session, pulled people together, and we got a good outcome and I think he should give credit for that.”

French president Emanuel Macron in his press conference said: “Slips of the tongue happen, it’s happened to me.”

Scholz was asked, in English, about Biden’s gaffe in a press conference a few minutes later. He sidestepped the question, and said he hoped that Biden would continue to strongly support Ukraine.

Donald Trump’s running mate will be introduced at the Republican national convention next Wednesday by his eldest son, according to people familiar with the matter, raising speculation that Senator JD Vance will be named the vice-presidential pick after being endorsed by Don Jr.

The fact that Don Jr will speak immediately before the running mate delivers remarks, earlier reported by Axios, is seen as notable inside the Trump campaign because of Don Jr’s close ties to Vance.

Still, a person directly familiar with the matter cautioned that the speaking schedule was decided three to four weeks ago and they were uncertain how instructive Don Jr’s involvement was.

Trump has said he wants his running mate to be revealed at the convention next week in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but due to convention rules that require the ticket to be nominated by the first day, the former president has been forced to make a decision before Wednesday.

For months, Trump has presided over a characteristically theatrical selection process in which he made dramatic pronouncements at rallies in an effort to drive media speculation before narrowing the list to a final three: the North Dakota governor, Doug Burgum, Senator Marco Rubio and Vance.

The leading contenders have run through an emotionally draining fight to be Trump’s running mate, defending the former president in cable news interviews, mingling with members at Trump’s Mar-a-Lago club, coalescing support from Trump allies and trying to appeal to Trump’s core Maga voters at rallies.

The Guardian has previously reported that Trump has told allies he wants a running mate who would be a “fighter” – someone who is media-savvy and will defend him on adversarial TV networks – and loyal to the extent that they would be “everything Mike Pence wasn’t”.

Trump’s former vice-president was a valuable asset during the 2016 and 2020 campaigns because of his Christian conservative credentials that shored up support among Republicans who were suspicious of the thrice-married reality TV star.

But Pence’s refusal to do one final favor and comply with Trump’s demand to block the certification of the 2020 election results in Congress led to a falling-out, and made Pence the target of the January 6 Capitol attack rioters.

For his 2024 campaign, Trump is seeking a “Goldilocks” running mate: strong but loyal, in tune with Maga but not over-rehearsed, telegenic but not likely to outshine him. His choice will go up against Kamala Harris, the first Black woman to serve as vice-president.

Vance, the junior senator from Ohio, has increasingly fit that profile.

On Sunday, Vance said on NBC’s Meet the Press that he supported Trump’s vow to appoint a special counsel to prosecute Joe Biden, making apparent references to the House oversight committee’s search for evidence of impeachable conduct by Biden, which it has not found.

Vance also suggested it was reasonable for Trump to prosecute Biden on the grounds that Biden had supposedly weaponized the legal system against him, although there is no evidence Biden has been involved in prosecutorial decisions at the justice department or elsewhere.

The NBC anchor Kristen Welker pressed Vance on his support for a special counsel: “If it’s not OK for Joe Biden to weaponize the justice department – as you say, which there’s no evidence of that – why is it OK for Donald Trump to do that?” she asked.

Vance repeated the common complaint among Republicans that one former justice department official took a job as a prosecutor in the New York criminal case in which Trump was convicted of 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to influence the 2016 election with a hush-money scheme.

“If Donald Trump’s attorney general had his No 2 or his No 3 jump ship to a local prosecutor’s office in Ohio or Wisconsin, and that person then went after Donald Trump’s political opposition, that’s a different conversation,” he said, though the prosecutor at issue was not as senior as the hypothetical.

Trump has repeatedly vowed to prosecute his political enemies, sharing posts on his Truth Social website that advocated jailing top Democrats and Republicans who criticized him, including one that said the former House Republican Liz Cheney should face “televised military tribunals”.

A “sauna” treatment for frogs has been used by researchers in Australia to successfully fight a deadly fungal disease that has devastated amphibians around the world, according to a new study.

Scientists created refuges for the animals using painted masonry bricks inside greenhouses that they called “frog saunas”. They found that endangered Australian green and golden bell frogs were able to clear infections from the deadly Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis fungus, in the warmer conditions of the greenhouses, when they would otherwise have died. Many of the frogs that recovered in the refuges were then resistant to infection.

While the technique had previously been unsuccessful for other frog species, researchers found that the green and golden bell frog – once common in south-eastern Australia – responded well to the treatment, a discovery that offered hope for their future survival. Researchers said the rare amphibians were chosen after careful testing, which found they favoured the bricks as a habitat.

“Why we’re so excited about [the study’] is there just hasn’t been anything that works [to stop the infection],” said Dr Anthony Waddle, a postdoctoral researcher at Macquarie University in Sydney who led the study. “The last line of defence is bringing the frogs into captivity where you can cure and protect them. We’re slowly watching species blink out.”

In glacial ponds and alpine lakes, rainforests and wetlands, the deadly fungus has been killing off the word’s amphibian populations. At least 90 species are known to have gone extinct and many more are expected to disappear in the coming years. Scientists say it is the greatest recorded loss of biodiversity attributable to a single disease.

The Tanzanian Kihansi spray toad, Honduran Cerro Búfalo streamside frog and Mexican claw-toothed salamander are among the species believed to have been wiped out by the infection in the wild.

Waddle said that while there were caveats to where the steam-room strategy could be used, it was a rare piece of good news for the green and golden bell frogs. “This species is really limited to the coastal area of its former range. Ninety per cent of its populations have gone and more and more go every year. They’re not doing well. They’re not coming back. They’re not showing that clear sign of recovery that some other species have done on their own. So we’re excited,” he said.

The fungus, which is often known as Bd, causes a disease called chytridiomycosis in amphibians. It was formally identified by researchers in 1998 after widespread frog deaths around the world. The infection attacks the amphibians’ skin, causing heart attacks and death. The most deadly strain of the disease appears to be about 100 years old and researchers think it was probably spread by humans.

Andrew Cunningham, the professor of wildlife epidemiology at the Zoological Society of London’s Institute of Zoology who first identified the fungal disease, said the technique had been tried with other species but there was no evidence it had worked for them.

“We’ve done this both through manipulating their natural environment to increase sun exposure and ground and water temperature, and by the installation of heated ponds (to a temperature above which the fungus cannot survive, but the frogs can). We have continued to have lethal outbreaks of chytridiomycosis and the only way to stop these has been to bring the frogs under human care to treat them with a fungicidal drug,” he said.

“Maybe the technique is species-specific, but unfortunately, I doubt it is a silver bullet for tackling the global threat of amphibian chytridiomycosis,” he added.

Find more age of extinction coverage here, and follow biodiversity reporters Phoebe Weston and Patrick Greenfield on X for all the latest news and features

It may be known as snail mail, but researchers are hoping the public will use the postal service to send them a different kind of mollusc: slugs.

A team of scientists and farmers carrying out research into slug-resistant wheat say they need about 1,000 of the creatures to explore how palatable slugs find various crops.

“The ones that we’re specifically looking for are grey field slugs: they’re the ones that are the agricultural pests,” said Tom Allen-Stevens, the founder of the British On-Farm Innovation Network that is leading the work.

The study is asking people to send in slugs by signing up for a “slug scout” pack, which includes containers and postage-paid envelopes. The pack also contains guides on how to create an attractive habitat to catch slugs and how to identify species.

The latter, it seems, is crucial. “There is a slug called the leopard slug,” Allen-Stevens said. “And if you come across that for heaven’s sake don’t send it in, because they eat other slugs.”

The researchers are looking for farmers to become “slug sleuths”, which involves hosting trials such as using traps to monitor slug activity. The research is part of a three-year £2.6m project known as Slimers that began in 2023 and is funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

It aims to find new ways to tackle what it calls “arable farming’s biggest pest issue”. Slimers says slugs are responsible for £43.5m worth of crop damage to wheat and oilseed rape every year in the UK.

The chemical metaldehyde, which was commonly used in slug control products in the UK, was banned in 2022, resulting in the increased use of ferric phosphate pellets. However, the industry is keen for alternatives.

“Where we can we want to apply pesticides more precisely and everyone in the industry recognises that’s the right direction to go in,” said Allen-Stevens. “And farmers don’t want to spread slug pellets where they’re not needed.”

Slimers is looking at new ways to control the molluscs, including by identifying and predicting slug hotspots so that available treatments can be applied in a more focused way.

The team is also looking at the potential for slug-resistant crops. It is carrying out trials involving a landrace wheat known as Watkins 788 that slugs seem to spurn and 84 crosses of this crop with modern wheat.

While Allen-Stevens said the postal kits had been approved by Royal Mail, he cautioned against posting molluscs late in the week. “That’s just in case they sit in a post room over the weekend,” he said. “That’s the main thing … Don’t post them before a weekend or a bank holiday.”

The government has admitted that a proposed coalmine in Cumbria was approved unlawfully, as the carbon emissions of coal from the mine should have been taken into account in the planning decision.

This follows a precedent set by a supreme court judgment last month, when Surrey county council’s decision to extend planning permission for an oil drilling well at Horse Hill, on the Weald, was quashed.

Campaigners argued it should have accounted for greenhouse gas emissions from using the oil when assessing the environmental impacts of the project, not only the drilling site itself. These are known as “scope 3” or downstream emissions.

On Thursday, another oil drilling project – this time in the Lincolnshire Wolds area of outstanding natural beauty – was quashed after a concession from Angela Rayner, secretary of state for housing, communities and local government.

Hours later, lawyers acting for Rayner’s department said there was an “error in law” in the decision to grant planning permission for the Cumbrian mine in December 2022. The government will now not be defending two legal challenges by Friends of the Earth and South Lakes Action on Climate Change (Slacc) next week, and has instead informed the court that the decision to grant planning permission should be quashed.

The case is still expected to go ahead on Tuesday unless West Cumbria Mining also concedes.

Experts have said the mine would be likely to cause the UK to break its legally binding climate commitments as it would release about 17,500 tonnes of methane every year, according to estimates. The mine, which would have produced coking coal for steelmaking, was claimed to be carbon neutral by the previous government, though this only applies to the mining operations and does not take account of the scope 3 emissions.

The new government has a range of difficult decisions to make on energy, including whether to approve the oil and gas licences that are already in progress with the North Sea Transition Authority, and whether to grant the biofuel company Drax more government subsidies for burning wood.

Jamie Peters, a climate coordinator with Friends of the Earth, said: “We’re delighted the government agrees that planning permission for this destructive, polluting and unnecessary coalmine was unlawfully granted and that it should be quashed. We hope the court agrees, and that the mine is then rejected when the secretary of state reconsiders the application.

“Friends of the Earth will continue to stand alongside Slacc and the other community groups in Cumbria who have fought so bravely to halt this mine. The new government must now ensure that areas like west Cumbria get the jobs and investment they urgently need so that people living there can reap the benefits of building a clean, green and affordable future.”

West Cumbria Mining has been contacted for comment.

A food safety scandal has caused mounting public outrage in China days before a high-level Chinese Communist party meeting at which leaders will try to boost confidence in the economy.

Last week the state-run newspaper Beijing News published an in-depth exposé on the “open secret” of fuel tankers being used to transport cooking oil, without the tankers being washed or disinfected in between.

In the report, an undercover reporter interviewed a trucker who had driven a tanker of coal-derived fuel from Ningxia, a region in the west of China, to the east coast city of Qinhuangdao in Hebei, a journey of more than 800 miles (1,290km). The trucker told the journalist he was not allowed to return with an empty vehicle, and subsequently drove to a facility in another part of Hebei to load up with nearly 32 tons of soya bean oil, without cleaning the tanker. Several other tankers featured in the article made similar journeys.

The scandal has implicated several major Chinese companies including the state-owned oil and grain company Sinograin and Hopefull Grain and Oil Group, a private conglomerate. Both companies said they were investigating the claims.

This week the office of the food safety commission under China’s State Council said it was investigating the claims and that “individuals found violating the law through improper use of tanker trucks will face severe punishment”.

Chinese regulations state that different tankers should be used for transporting cooking oil and fuel, which is derived from coal and is potentially poisonous.

The Beijing News report revealed that inspections were often absent or cursory. In one case, on a tanker waiting to collect a load of edible oil, a piece of white paper was taped over the writing that indicated it should be used for fuel.

It is not clear where the cooking oil in the fuel-contaminated tankers ultimately ended up. Follow-up reports tracking the truckers identified in the Beijing News article suggested that the tankers delivered oil to packaging facilities run by household brand names in China, intensifying concerns that people could be consuming toxic oil. The article also quoted an industry insider as saying that some of the oil may ultimately be packaged into small bottles for foreign sales.

The news has caused widespread outrage in China, where there are deeply rooted fears about food safety after a series of scandals and perceived lack of accountability for rule-breakers.

In 2008, six babies died and 300,000 were sickened by contaminated baby formula. In 2013, more than 16,000 dead pigs were found in the Huangpu River, which supplies Shanghai with drinking water. Last year, images of a school canteen in Jiangxi went viral after a student found a rat’s head in his meal, which the school initially claimed was duck meat.

The hashtag #edibleoil had more than 16m views on Weibo on Thursday. Many commenters praised the role of journalists in exposing the scandal. “It’s been a long time since I’ve seen investigative journalism like this, kudos to the media,” one commenter wrote on Weibo.

Some analysts questioned why Beijing News, a Chinese Communist party-backed outlet, had been allowed to publish such a damning report shortly before CCP leaders meet for the third plenum, one of China’s most important political gatherings, next week.

Investigations into consumer and public health issues used to be relatively common in China’s media, but in the past decade the space for independent reporting has been dramatically squeezed and the CCP maintains a tight grip on what kind of information can be published.

Other hashtags relating to the incident, particularly those that named specific companies, appear to have been censored on Weibo.

One sensitive topic appears to be posts relating to Jinlongyu, a household brand of cooking oil that has been implicated in the scandal. Shares in Jinlongyu’s parent company fell by more than 8% on Wednesday amid concerns that its oil could be tainted. The company said its trucks met national requirements.

Additional research by Chi Hui Lin

This story is co-published with SourceMaterial and Floodlight

Some forest carbon offsets sold by the biggest offsetting company in the US offer little or no benefit to the climate, a satellite analysis has found.

Finite Carbon, created in 2009 and bought by British multinational oil and gas giant BP in 2020, is responsible for more than a quarter of the US’s total carbon credits, which it says it generates from protecting more than 60 “high credibility, high integrity projects” across 1.6m hectares (4m acres).

However, experts at the offsets ratings agency Renoster and the non-profit CarbonPlan analyzed three projects accounting for almost half of Finite Carbon’s total credits, with an estimated market value of $334m, according to analysis by market intelligence company AlliedOffsets. Renoster found issues, including trees in a project in the Alaskan Panhandle that were likely never in danger of being cut down in an already extensively logged area. Of the credits Renoster looked at, they found that about 79% should not have been issued.

Renoster, a company mostly used by prospective buyers of carbon credits to help them avoid those without real climate benefits, was commissioned by the nonprofit newsroom SourceMaterial to examine Finite’s projects. CarbonPlan provided additional analysis.

“We don’t think that the project should have been allowed to proceed and earn credits,” said Elias Ayrey, Renoster’s head scientist, commenting on the Alaskan project.

The analysis comes amid mounting concern about the global offsetting industry, predicted by Barclays bank to be worth $1.5tn by 2050. US treasury secretary Janet Yellen in May unveiled new principles to help strengthen the carbon market in an effort to “address significant existing challenges”, saying she had seen too many examples of offsets which didn’t represent real emissions reductions.

Critics say the industry has fundamental failings, and some companies have been shifting away from offsets. Last year the Guardian, SourceMaterial and German newspaper Die Zeit revealed that as many as 90% of the most commonly traded offsets may be practically useless in mitigating global warming.

Finite runs some of the largest offsetting projects in North America. Under California’s cap-and-trade system, it earns credits from across the US which it sells to polluters to offset their emissions.

In theory, developers like Finite encourage landowners to protect trees that would otherwise be cut down so that they continue to absorb carbon from the atmosphere. Finite says its projects have nullified more than 70m tonnes of harmful emissions, the equivalent of 18 coal plants running for a year – and more than double the total emissions BP reported last year.

Critics, though, say California’s flawed offsetting system is handing companies a license to pollute with impunity. “The potential for mischief, for gaming … is just overwhelming,” said Mark Trexler, an independent climate scientist who created the first offsetting project in 1989.

Asked about Renoster’s analysis, Finite Carbon did not respond to specific questions but defended its offsets.

“All Finite Carbon’s compliance market projects have been independently verified, developed in accordance with the applicable standards and protocols under the California cap-and-trade program, and the projects have all been approved by the California air resources board,” said Brendan Terry, a Finite Carbon spokesperson.

BP directed requests to comment to Finite Carbon. The multinational oil and gas company praised Finite Carbon during its acquisition.

Potential for ‘gaming’ the system

The way the offsets work is that to justify claims that forests are being saved, each project is based on a “baseline,” which is a calculation of how many trees would be lost if the program did not exist.

Finite’s Sealaska project in the Alaskan Panhandle says it is protecting 67,000 hectares of forest. The project is owned by the Sealaska corporation, a for-profit company created in 1972 and owned by Alaska Natives. The credits this project has generated are valued at over $100m, according to analysis by Allied Offsets.

Using satellite imagery, Renoster found that trees there face little to no risk of ever being cut down. That’s because the corporation has already logged the vast majority of the land around the project. The only trees still standing are in deep ravines, along roadsides, rivers and coastlines. Instead of including the deforested land, Finite drew circles around thousands of tiny areas where trees were still standing, creating a hugely complicated map. In one of the project’s areas, Finite had circled fewer than 50 trees on a tiny island off the coast.

Renoster’s satellite analysis concluded: “They are not at risk of deforestation and thus should not be receiving credits.”

While this approach may be within the rules in California, where the credits are sold, it undermines the spirit of the regulations, Renoster concluded. Renoster gave the project a score of zero, meaning it thinks it should not be issued any credits.

Although some conservation may be going on, the “gerrymandering” made it impossible to assess, Ayrey said. “We have a zero tolerance policy on this behavior,” he said.

The report concluded: “We consider this type of manipulation to be ‘cheating’ … The drawing of these boundaries is an intentional act designed to avoid protocol rules.”

Asked about the findings, Sealasaka representatives say the trees left behind did hold economic value and were legal to cut down, but they opted not to because of Finite’s program. Former Sealaska executive vice president Rick Harris said at one point prices for chartering helicopters dropped to such low levels that the company could afford to hire them to cut down low-value pulp logs.

Brian Kleinhenz, who helped develop the credits while working at Sealaska and is now president of the carbon offsetting developer Terra Verde, said there’s always value in the trees, even if they are hard to get at. “There’s going to be a market for all this material, in one way or another,” he said.

Dave Clegern, public information officer for the California Air Resources Board (Carb), said: “If trees on steep terrain are valuable enough to warrant the cost of getting there and moving logs down the mountaintop, then they may be included in a baseline calculation.”

“These rules would apply with Sealaska,” he said.

Ayrey, however, argued the evidence did not support this.

“The strongest piece of evidence is the obvious,” he said. “They’ve clear-cut vast tracts around these trees and left them in place. Most of these clear cuts date to [more than] 20 years ago and if it were profitable to access these sites, they would have done it then.”

Alleged over-crediting

Another Finite project analyzed by Renoster for SourceMaterial in West Virginia scored above zero, meaning it should be awarded some credits. But it was “over-credited”, the findings showed.

The 39,000-hectare project is owned by Lyme Timber Company, which promised to preserve some trees in exchange for carbon credits. Renoster found that many of these trees are “inaccessible due to steep slopes”, meaning Lyme couldn’t actually cut them down.

David P Hoffer, president of Lyme Timber, said the project had already been developed when his company purchased the land.

“With respect to harvesting activity, contrary to the Renoster report, Lyme has harvested substantially less than biological growth since we purchased the property in 2017,” he said.

Carb’s Clegern said concerns had been raised about Lyme’s program but were ultimately cleared by the state of West Virginia and a registered forester.

“The verifiers are reasonably assured that despite the highly variable terrain and steep slopes found on the project area, they would allow for traditional harvesting techniques,” he said.

Clegern added: “To the best of our knowledge, the project is in conformance with all regulatory and protocol requirements.”

Another project is a 200,000-hectare (494,000-acre) forest in Washington state owned by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. Finite’s offsetting calculations imagined a risk of far more logging than the tribes had planned – or had ever done before – according to Grayson Badgley, a scientist at CarbonPlan.

“One of the last things you want to do with offsets is pay someone not to do something they were never planning to do anyway,” Badgley said. “A significant number of credits may have been awarded for foregoing harvests that were unlikely to ever happen.”

Representatives for Colville did not respond to requests for comment. Clergen said Carb has not received any complaints about Colville’s carbon project.

California dreaming

Experts question whether California’s cap-and-trade system, through which Finite sells most of its credits, is a solution to climate change – or part of the problem.

Sellers have an interest in maximizing the volume of credits, while buyers have no incentive to question their effectiveness, said Trexler, the climate scientist.

“Everyone involved in designing these projects and protocols has an interest in generating credits,” he said. “Mother Nature … is not at the table when these rules are designed.”

California’s forest project methodology was designed with assistance from the carbon offsets industry. Finite’s co-founder, Sean Carney, took part in meetings to draft the Carb standards in 2008, just months before he set up the company, minutes show.

Yet despite the criticism, Carb, which since 2013 has required companies exceeding emissions limits to buy offsets, said it is not planning any changes to address the risk of over-crediting, according to Danny Cullenward, vice chair of California’s Independent Emissions Market Advisory, the official oversight committee for the cap-and-trade system.

“Carb is hostile to everybody who’s critical, and they’re friendly with all the lobbyists,” Cullenward said. “That’s the way things are done.”

Responded Clegern: “Carb’s offset program has been successfully litigated in court and found to deliver real, quantifiable and additional benefits.”

‘Too good to be true’

The expansion of Finite’s projects has had setbacks.

In 2012, a representative from the company approached the Hoopa Valley tribe, owners of a 36,180-hectare forest in northern California.

The company had an incredible proposition: if the tribe simply continued to manage its ancestral lands as it had always done, Finite would generate carbon credits worth millions. The tribe would be rich.

“They were saying: ‘You guys manage your forest so well that what you’re doing now would earn you carbon credits, and you wouldn’t have to do anything new,’” said Julia Hostler, a member of the tribe. “It sounded too good to be true.”

Finite Carbon said it’s company policy not to comment on projects that are not finalized, including on the Hoopa Reservation.

Tribal leaders ultimately did not pursue the company’s proposal.

They became uneasy after suggestions that they “rewrite and resubmit the forest management plan to allow theoretically greater harvest, in order to show we have discretion to harvest, or choose not to harvest, and thus get carbon credits”, according to emails provided by a tribal member.

The tribe now has “a strong wall against carbon brokers”, said Thomas Joseph, a tribe member and environmental educator.

For the Hoopa it’s personal, he explains. Recent years have seen tribal lands ravaged by wildfires made more extreme by climate change, and there is a realization that carbon markets have played a role in allowing companies to pollute.

“For us to be able to protect our lands, we need a reduction of emissions,” he said. “Not only would we be putting our community here in danger, and sacrificing our lands to corporate greed, we’d also be allowing the industry to not reduce its emissions.”

Additional reporting by Nathaniel Herz in Alaska and Bryony Craig-Matthews

New York City has unveiled its latest tactic in a “trash revolution” to wrangle control of its city back from rats.

So innovative is this “beautiful rat-fighting piece of engineering”, discovered by a consultancy firm paid $1.6m for its efforts, that the city’s mayor, Eric Adams, demonstrated how to use it during the announcement.

You open the lid, you put the rubbish in it, and you wheel it out. It’s a wheelie bin.

Other parts of the US already have wheelie bins, and the fact New York City is finally rolling out the mobile receptacle has drawn hilarious reactions online. As Arwa Mahdawi wrote for the Guardian, Britons have found this most hilarious because “wheelie bins occupy a large amount of space in the national consciousness”.

In Australia, the wheelie bin was introduced in the early to mid-80s, and since then, Australians have learned that it’s more than just a bin.

Like a magnificent volcano threatening to erupt, plumes of steam rise from the mountain in the farmyard. Every day, about a tonne of horse muck and bedding from the 20 or so stabled horses is added to the muck heap – a small car’s weight in manure.

The heap is shaped and piled by the digger into its mountainous form, to encourage effective rotting. It’s a hub for birdlife, rich in beetles, worms and insects. House sparrows flit over its surface, looking for tasty grains from horse feed, or soft arthropods such as larvae for their nestlings. Jackdaws forage on the craggy ravines, lending an air of drama. Pied wagtails hop about at base camp. Swallows skim its heights, feasting on the clouds of tiny cluster flies.

I still remember proudly the day my primary school visited the farm in the 1980s. In a moment when the teacher’s back was turned, I persuaded everyone how much fun it is to play in the muck heap. A feral bunch of us climbed to the top, ignoring the cries of despair from school staff, our hands sinking into the burning hot muck, and then jumped, free and glorious, from the summit into dark pools of effluent.

The temperature inside the heap can reach well over 50C as it decomposes. This level of heat kills eggs and larvae from parasites, showing the importance of this effective rotting over six months or so. Twice a year the heap is spread on the fields, replacing artificial fertiliser.

Recently I visited a nearby large-scale arable farm and discovered the Japanese practice of bokashi. This involves adding live microbes to cattle manure collected from local farms. The bacteria stimulate fermentation and increase nutrient availability, aiding crop growth. Bokashi also reduces emissions such as ammonia and carbon dioxide. It was noticeable standing next to the inoculated manure that there was no obvious smell. This innovative approach, unusual in the UK, brings significant benefits to both environment and productivity.

You might think the hay barn, gradually filling with this year’s sweet-scented bales of goodness, is the heart of the farm. Yet as I visit each day, pilgrim-like with my barrow of offerings for the great steaming god, I happen to think it is the muck heap.

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